Helping Older Parents Articles

Every year, Medicare has an open enrollment period: October 15 – December 7.

During this time, Medicare beneficiaries can do the following:

• Switch from Original Medicare to Medicare Advantage, or vice versa;
• Switch from one Medicare Advantage plan to another;
• Change Medicare Part D (prescription drug) plan; or
• Enroll in a Medicare Part D (a late enrollment penalty may apply).

Medicare health and drug plans can and do make changes each year—things raising premiums, changing benefits, and changing what providers and pharmacies are in their networks.  That’s why it’s important for Medicare beneficiaries to review their current plans, options, and needs for the next year. 

Before you can start deciding if and what to change about your Medicare benefits, you have to understand the basics of Medicare.

In this article, I’ll review the basics of Medicare Parts A, B, C (also known as Medicare Advantage) and D. Then, I’ll share some tips on navigating the Medicare Open Enrollment period and how to get help, if you’re considering making a switch or if you need help affording the Medicare premiums.

You can also watch this video, in which Dr. K and I explain what’s most important during Medicare Open Enrollment. (We also share a review of Chapter Medicare Advisory, and explain how it works.)

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COVID was really bad when it first came on the scene, especially for older adults, who made up the vast majority of people who were hospitalized or died from the virus.

Things are now much better. This is partly because most of us have now had exposure to COVID, either through having it, being vaccinated, or both. This provides most people with significant protection from the worst effects of COVID.

However, as people get older, their immune system ages and works less well.

This means that even if an older person has had COVID before, it can hit them harder than a few years ago (especially if their health has declined).

So COVID will continue to be an important health issue in geriatrics. Fortunately, the vaccine does significantly reduce the risk of hospitalization or death from COVID.

On this page, I’ll be posting updates related to COVID and older adults. I’ll be focusing on important developments and what I think is most important for older adults and their families to know.

I also have a section below on general COVID safety principles for older adults.

Covid & Aging Adults:

Update October 2025: COVID & Fall Vaccines for 2025-2026

In this update, I cover:

• COVID so far in 2025
• Why fall vaccines matter
• COVID vaccines for 2025-26
• Moderna mNEXSPIKE and other options
• Flu vaccines for 2025-26
• What to know about RSV vaccines
• How to reduce your chances of getting sick

Related CDC resources:

• COVID-19 Surveillance Data in the United States
• Severe Viral Respiratory Illness – Updates
• Respiratory Virus Activity Levels – Updates
• Moderna mNEXSPIKE Safety & Effectiveness

Also recommended:

• Your Local Epidemiologist: Covid-19 vaccine changes: What it means for you

General COVID principles for older adults (that won’t be changing)

Since the pandemic started, a few core principles regarding COVID and aging have held true. Here they are:

1.The risk of being hospitalized and/or dying from COVID goes up with age.

Most people don’t get sick enough to be hospitalized from COVID, and that has been true even of nursing home patients (even before they were vaccinated).

But even though younger people have been hospitalized and even died of COVID, it’s overwhelmingly people over age 65 who have done so. Vaccines have reduced this risk for older adults, but most of the serious breakthrough infections still happen in older adults.

In fact, in the fall of 2021, the risk of death due to COVID was higher in vaccinated people aged 80+ than in unvaccinated people aged 30-49. (I discuss the data on this in-depth in my December 2021 COVID update.)

Unfortunately, this means that older adults will need to be more careful about COVID than others are, even if they are vaccinated.

The coronavirus does not care if you feel like 70 is the new 50. The average 70-year-old will have a markedly higher risk of illness from COVID than the average 50-year-old. (And that average 50-year-old has a higher risk than the average 30-year-old.)

Now, this doesn’t mean permanently restricting all activity and living in fear for the next few years. But it does mean that older adults will benefit from paying attention to what is going on with COVID, and should consider taking additional precautions when surges occur in their communities.

2. COVID is airborne and reducing your chance of catching it is about minimizing inhaling what others are exhaling.

Sure, some COVID variants are more contagious than others. But they are all airborne and mostly transmitted when people breathe in air (usually indoor air) that is carrying COVID particles.

So it’s important to be mindful of the air you are breathing in, especially if COVID rates are currently high in your local area. (Because when COVID rates are high, it’s more likely that someone breathing in the room may be exhaling COVID…and probably doesn’t know it.)

These simple approaches reduce the chance of breathing in COVID:

• Wearing a mask. The better the mask, the better your protection. The best masks are N95s, followed by KN95s and KF94s. After that, probably safest is to double mask (a surgical mask covered by a cloth mask). A well-fitting cloth mask does provide some protection, but it’s good to up one’s mask game when there’s a big surge or very contagious variant going around. (Or if you are immunocompromised or at particularly high risk of severe COVID.)
• Ventilating indoor spaces. Airborne COVID can definitely float further than 6 feet and can linger suspended in a non-ventilated room for some time. (Think of it like cigarette smoke in a room; it hangs around even after the smoker has left the room.) Opening doors/windows or using a good quality HEPA air filter helps clear the air.
• Others wearing masks when they are indoors with you. You will be protected by your own mask, but you get additional protection when others in the room are wearing a mask as well. (Because their mask helps catch any COVID particles or other germs they might be unintentionally emitting.) For public indoors spaces, this often comes down to local rules. For your own home, you get to set the rules and you may want to ask others to remain masked indoors when a surge is going on.
• Socializing, eating, and meeting outside when possible. Outside is always safer in that there is way more ventilation and air circulation outdoors, compared to indoors. In many cases, it will be reasonably safe to be unmasked outside. (But of course, it’s safer if you are masked, especially if you are close to someone who is speaking unmasked, or eating.)
• Minimizing your time indoors with other unmasked people who are not part of your immediate household. This means minimizing things like indoor dining and other indoor activities in which people are unmasked. Again, this is most important when COVID rates in your community are high. If you must be inside unmasked with others, the fewer the people, the better.

It has slightly surprised me that US public health authorities have not made ventilation and indoor air quality more of a priority. In some countries, such as Japan, carbon dioxide concentrations are posted in public spaces such as movie theaters. (Humans exhale carbon dioxide, so concentrations go up when ventilation isn’t adequate.)

3. If you catch COVID, significant protection against hospitalization and death comes from vaccination. If you are older, you will lose protection unless you stay up-to-date on COVID vaccines.

We now have lots of data. This has held true for all variants so far.

It’s also true for all age groups, but it makes the biggest difference in people who are over age 50, and makes a bigger difference as people get older.

The thing is, the protection from vaccination and boosters does wane, especially when people are older. Protection against catching COVID wanes first (usually within 2-3 months) and protection against severe hospitalization wanes within 6 months.

Hence, it’s essential for older adults to stay up-to-date on their COVID vaccines. (You can learn about the latest COVID vaccine by watching my most recent video update above.)

Also: even shortly after boosting, the vaccine effectiveness against catching COVID may be only 30-40% for older adults. (So far it has been much higher — 70% or more — against hospitalization and severe COVID.)

So you should never assume that if you and everyone else in the room is “fully vaccinated”, or even up-to-date on boosters, that means you are COVID-proof. (Because you are not.)

But the general principle will remain: older adults who are vaccinated and up-to-date on boosters will have a significantly lower risk of hospitalization and death due to COVID than those who are not. (I support COVID vaccines for the rest of us because that helps protect older adults, the immunocompromised, and other vulnerable people among us. Plus reduces our own small risk of severe COVID to virtually nil.)

4. Take more precautions when COVID rates are high or going up. 

We don’t want to live constantly in fear, and it’s very costly to live a very restricted life long-term.

So instead, I recommend being ready to take more precautions when the conditions warrant it, such as when COVID rates are going up or are very high.

5. Safety from COVID is not the only thing that is important in life.

Yes, COVID is risky, especially for vulnerable older adults. But the costs of trying to be as safe as possible from COVID can be very high.

We have seen this play out especially in nursing homes, where residents experienced devastating consequences from social and physical isolation during the first part of the pandemic. (It’s also an issue for schools, young adults, and others.)

So as we navigate COVID, let’s keep in mind that safety from COVID is just one of many things to consider. We still need to connect and come together, and we should not let COVID prevent that altogether.

And that’s it for now! Please take care and stay reasonably safe, especially during COVID waves.

Note: For my previous updates regarding COVID vaccines and other developments from the first years of the pandemic, see my original COVID updates page here.